From Carroll Quigley to the UN Millennium Summit: Thoughts on the New World Order

From Carroll Quigley to the UN Millennium Summit: Thoughts on the New World Order
by Steven Yates
Shortly after the collapse of Communism in Eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union, President George Bush Sr. proclaimed us as on the verge of a New World Order. Bush did not coin the phrase, of course; nor did he introduce it into political discourse. Exactly what is its intended referent? Either of two things, apparently. (1) A would-be global government trumping national governments, meaning the de facto end of national sovereignty; or (2) the efforts some believe are currently underway, operating through the United Nations in particular but through other groups as well (the Council on Foreign Relations is a frequent target) to create such a global order. The agenda itself is sometimes called the New World Order conspiracy.
Does such an agenda really exist, or are statements about conspiracies to create world government nothing more than "right wing" paranoia? To my mind, this question is surprisingly easy to answer, though the best way to approach it has changed in recent years. The results ought to give all believers in freedom and genuine self-determination more than a few sleepless nights. Yes, Virginia, there is a proposed New World Order, whether we call it that or not. Let us consider two separate pieces of evidence that point to this conclusion. The first is contained in the writings of an historian; the second took place right under our noses this past week in New York City. The word conspiracy is, however, a misnomer. Conspiracies, by definition, operate in secret. In that case, efforts to build a New World Order may have begun in secret, but now all the evidence one needs is on the UN’s own website.
Washington, D.C., the 1960s: Carroll Quigley and Tragedy and Hope.
Back in the early 1960s, historian Carroll Quigley did extensive research for his encyclopedic Tragedy and Hope: A History of the World in Our Time. Tragedy and Hope recounted, in over 1,300 tightly-written pages of small print, the gradual rise to power of a small cadre of extremely wealthy and powerful individuals. Many were products of wealthy bloodlines. Some were bankers; others began in other industries but got into banking because that was where the real power was. They operated mostly behind the scenes, not as national political elites but as an international elite – or superelite. For them, natural borders and loyalties were increasingly meaningless. Much has been written about the Rothschilds who discovered in the late 1700s that it was possible for bankers to get rich by loaning money to governments, extending the loans encouraging government to become dependent on them, attaching provisions to the extensions calling for specific policies, and then tallying up the interest. Other such bloodlines would soon follow (the Rockefellers and Morgans here in the US).
Shortly before the turn of the last century, Cecil Rhodes, the British diamond tycoon who had operated for years in South Africa, willed a significant portion of his huge fortune to the establishment of a secret society in England. Its purpose was to lay the foundations for world government, under the theory that world government alone could bring about world peace and security for all. The Rhodes Scholarship program at Oxford University was drawn from this fortune as an effort to bring the "best and the brightest" under the influence of a certain body of ideas. Bill Clinton, of course, was a Rhodes Scholar for a while (although he didn’t complete the program). Many other influential politicians, journalists, and writers in the English-speaking world have been Rhodes Scholars.
So-called conspiracy theorists have written extensively of organizations such as the Council on Foreign Relations, founded in 1921, the Trilateral Commission, founded in 1973, and the European Bilderberg Group (which, interestingly, has no home page of its own) as having the same goal: the creation of a world government with themselves at the helm. These groups have been accused of having done everything from financing the rise of both Communism and Nazism to bankrolling both sides in World Wars I and II. Allegations abound that they set about to gain control over both major political parties in the US, the US legal system, the US media (including all major newspapers and television networks as well as the Hollywood entertainment culture), and finally – and especially – so-called public education at all levels from kindergarten to public universities. They would operate by seeing to it that programs and projects that would help advance the agenda of centralization were well funded, while others were left to fend for themselves – not knowing why.
How much truth there is to these allegations is, of course, not easy to determine. It is unlikely that the perpetrators would leave a paper trail that just anyone could follow. On the other hand, the existence of such operatives offers an elegant explanation, satisfying Ockham’s Razor in its appeal to simplicity, for why so much of twentieth century history has been a one-way street, with all traffic flowing left. It also answers: Why does the U.S. federal government continue to grow larger and more centralized no matter which major political party controls the White House or Congress? Why do independent political movements (one thinks of the Libertarians and the Reform Party) founder despite having produced some very worthwhile ideas and having gained the support of a segment of the public? Why are efforts to achieve political, economic and educational independence systematically assaulted by pundits, by the media and by well-funded liberal groups as soon as they threaten to become influential in the body politic?
Carroll Quigley wrote, in Tragedy and Hope: "There does exist, and has existed for a generation, an international Anglophile network which operates, to some extent, in the way the radical Right believes the Communists act…. I know of the operations of this network because I have studied it for twenty years and was permitted for two years, in the early 1960s, to examine its papers and secret records. I have no aversion to it or to most of its instruments. I have objected, both in the past and recently, to a few of its policies … but in general my chief difference of opinion is that it wishes to remain unknown, and I believe its role in history is significant enough to be known."
Who was Quigley? Not a "right winger" in the John Birch Society but a highly respected senior-level professor of political history at the Foreign Service School at Georgetown University. He specialized in macrohistory, or the study of large-scale, global developments and trends. In this one passage, he not only puts his finger on both conceptions of the New World Order as presented above, he positions himself as one of the insiders. While one may, if one is so inclined, discount the writers of self-published tracts with PO Box addresses in small towns hardly anyone has heard of before, Carroll Quigley is impossible to dismiss. He was, after all, one of Bill Clinton’s chief mentors, personal heroes, and the one person Clinton thanked by name in his first inaugural address. Quigley had had Clinton as an undergraduate years before at Georgetown. As a youth Clinton already had his eyes set on the Presidency. Seeing that even as a teenager, Clinton was one of those people who was fascinated by power and would compromise any principle to obtain it, Quigley saw him as having the "right stuff." It was Quigley’s powerful connections that obtained for Clinton the Rhodes Scholarship.
The publishing history of Tragedy and Hope is worth considering, in light of what we have seen so far. There is circumstantial evidence that efforts were made to suppress the book. When it appeared, published by Macmillan, it became the academic equivalent of a bestseller. And then, mysteriously, available copies suddenly disappeared. It became almost unobtainable. Inquirers were told that the book had gone out of print, which was very unusual since there were thousands of backorders. (First editions are now collector’s items fetching hundreds of dollars.) Representatives of Macmillan seemed afraid to talk about the book. Quigley himself struggled to get Macmillan to issue a second edition, as pirated copies were beginning to circulate. It received a legitimate reprint, of course, but by a far smaller publisher with far less prestige, and the book was very hard to find for years (today, with the advent of online companies such as Amazon.com, the book is easier to obtain). Near the end of his life, a despondent Quigley observed that Tragedy and Hope "has brought me many headaches as it apparently says something that powerful people don’t want known."
New York City, 2000: The United Nations Millennium Summit, Sept 6-9.
It has remained easy, despite Quigley’s impressive credentials, to dismiss the thought of a relative handful of behind-the-scenes operatives controlling the direction of history as the product of kooks. Journalists and pundits routinely and contemptuously dismiss "conspiracy theories" almost by reflex. However, some of the major players in the "conspiracy" do little to hide their aims. Maurice Strong, co-chairman of a United Nations affiliated organization called the UN Commission on Global Governance, said, "It is simply not feasible for sovereignty to be exercised unilaterally by individual nation-states, however powerful." Shridath Ramphal, another co-chairman of the same organization, added, "The bedrock of every country’s international relations must be the mission of using the United Nations system as the machinery for working and acting together." Strobe Talbott, US Deputy Secretary of State in the Clinton Regime, was considerably more blunt: "Nationhood as we know it will be obsolete, all states will recognize a single, global authority… National sovereignty wasn’t such a great idea after all." None of these people want to end the nation-state in favor of freely acting and trading individuals; individualism is an anathema to this mindset. They are talking openly of global government, doing everything except calling it that.
So as already noted, we no longer need to approach the topic in conspiratorial terms. The evidence is available on the World Wide Web where anyone with a computer and a modem can read it. The United Nations website currently contains a gold mine of information about the push for global government. To be sure, none of the writers call it that; the closest they come is global governance, which its defenders claim is not the same thing. Moreover, what is presented is presented in language that is very attractive by today’s standards. It makes full use of all the politically correct buzzwords about democracy, sustainability, inclusion and diversity. This website makes liberal use of the We The Peoples Millennium Forum Declaration and Agenda for Action which was adopted last May. This past week, the Millennium Summit convened in New York City and has been called the largest assemblage of heads of state under one roof in all of human history.
What is this Summit all about? Where does the New World Order vision stand today? From above document and others on the website we can glean that the following are on the agenda:
A global "peacekeeping force," publicly endorsed Wednesday by Bill Clinton. He told the gathered dignitaries that the UN needs "a rapid deployment force of well-trained and well-equipped solders capable of projecting ‘credible force’ into trouble spots." Along these lines, a Republican, Constance Morella (R-MD), has introduced a bill calling for a United Nations Rapid Deployment Force, which would turn 6,000 American soldiers over to the UN, which would mean that Americans would be taking orders from non-Americans. Seven other countries have already signed aboard with similar pledges. The UN is ready to create its own "standing army" of the sort the U.S. Constitution forbids.
An International Criminal Court – ostensibly to hold national governments accountable for human rights abuses; an international treaty "would provide for compulsory referral of unresolved disputes to [an] International Court of Justice." U.S. citizens could, in principle, be tried before tribunals of non-Americans.
A global system of taxation: [the Forum urges the United Nations] "to introduce binding codes of conduct for transnational companies, and effective tax regulation on the international financial markets, investing this money in programmes for poverty eradication."
Global coerced redistribution of wealth and income, combined with global affirmative action: [Governments should] "focus their efforts and policies on addressing the root causes of poverty and providing for the basic needs of all, giving special priority to the needs and rights of disadvantaged and underrepresented."
A global approach to AIDS, already the most politicized disease in human history: [Governments should] "address the incidence, impact and continuing human costs of HIV/AIDS. To increase spending for health research and to ensure that the fruits of this research reach the people."
The international equivalent of the Americans With Disabilities Act: [Governments should] "recognize the special potential of people with disabilities and ensure their full participation and equal role in political, economic, social and cultural fields. To further recognize and meet their special needs, introduce inclusive policies and programmes for their empowerment, and ensure that they take a leading role in poverty eradication."
International radical-feminization: the UN is called upon "to ensure that gender mainstreaming effectively brings women into leadership positions throughout the system and a gender perspective into all its programmes and policies; to provide gender training; … [governments are called upon] "to allocate more recourses and create an enabling environment for implementation of their commitments to women’s and girl’s human rights, including promotion of women into decision-making positions… " This is one of many such remarks, calling for the "gender perspective" invented by the radical feminists of American colleges and universities.
International public education: "provide universal access to ‘education for all,’ prioritizing free basic education and skills training…. We call on governments…to reduce the technology gap, and to restructure educational policy to ensure that all children (girls and boys) receive moral, spiritual, peace and human rights education…. Special attention must be paid to the girl child…."
International equivalents of affirmative action and minimum wage laws: [Governments should] "move toward economic reforms aimed at equity: in particular, to construct macro economic policies that combine growth with the goal of human development and social justice; to prevent the impoverishment of groups that emerged from poverty but are still vulnerable to social risks and exclusion; to improve legislation on labor standards including the provision of a minimum legal wage…."
Complete absolution of past debts: [Governments should] "cancel the debts of developing countries, including odious debts, the repayment of which diverts funds from basic needs…."
Universal gun registration: the UN should "expand the UN Arms register in order to show production and sale of small arms and light weapons. It should include specific names of their producers and traders." Of course, those implementing this call for arms registration could define "small arms and light weapons" in any way they saw fit.
Strengthening UN power generally: "A major task of the world community in the twenty-first century will be to strengthen and greatly enhance the role of the United Nations in the global context. Governments must recommit themselves to the realization of the goals and mandates of the United Nations Charter. A challenging task is to firmly protect the integrity of the United Naitons, counter the erosion of its role and to further strengthen and augment international institutions capable of implementing and enforcing international standards, norms, and law, leading toward the formation of a new political and economic order. [Emphasis mine.]
Elimination of veto power: [the Forum urges the UN] "to limit and move toward eliminating the use of the veto. The UN must move towards veto restriction. First could be an enlargement of the area of "procedural votes" for which the Charter excludes the veto…. Complete veto abolition should be sought as a step towards the elimination of permanency." In others words, a major internal check on the power of the superelite is to be eliminated, by incremental steps.
There is, of course, more – much, much more. This is just a sampling; it is impossible, in an article of this length, to do more than scratch the surface. However, what is here should suffice as evidence that we are looking at a potential power grab of unprecedented proportions. There are, we should note, a few table scraps tossed toward such notions as national sovereignty and self-determination. At one point the call is made for the UN "to respect national sovereignty and the prohibition of the use of force, which are fundamental in the UN Charter." But in the next breath, it is made clear that the use of force is not ruled out. And "The UN General Assembly should set up a broad commission to analyze standards for forceful action in cases where crimes against humanity, war crimes, or genocide are committed." As in Kosovo, where allegations of such crimes were absurdly exaggerated, international "peacekeeping" troops moved in, and the result was the decimation and dislocation of entire populations which continues to this day?
Clearly, whether we label the kind of system proposed by the Millennium Forum the New World Order or not, we are seeing here the recipe for social engineering on a global scale. And just as in individual nations, it could not be implemented without thought control on an equally massive scale – which would explain the preoccupation with education permeating all the web pages; see (7) above again. Or, as one Charles Mercieca, PhD, writes, representing the International Association of Educators for World Peace, "We may begin to realize the great challenge our schools face in trying to create a new generation that will be influenced merely by high moral standards based on the universal welfare of all people without exception. We need to create a generation which acts on principles of high moral order, a new generation which views money and wealth as occupying the bottom of all major world priorities, a new generation which views happiness, serenity and peace as spiritual elements which are the key to true and genuine success in life." Perhaps Dr. Mercieca can tell us how this "true and genuine success in life" can be had without free producers whose preoccupations are likely to be "money and wealth" and whose actions alone can create jobs and advance the quality of economic life worldwide.
The socialist overtones of the entire Millennium Forum and its attending documents are unmistakable. The much-touted UN Charter for Global Democracy is in fact a call for global socialism. This holds true whether the speakers talk about Third World poverty and the need to redistribute wealth without any attention to the means by which wealth is produced, or whether they appeal to "sustainability" and proceed to the need for political and bureaucratic controls on business in the name of radical environmentalism. In the final analysis, the Forum vision would concentrate the capacity to use force in a network of highly centralized global-governmental organizations. It should be clear that "national sovereignty" and the "self-determination" rights of indigenous peoples and societies would be respected if they conformed to the internationalist vision, and receive short shrift if they did not. The calls for "a sustainable environment" which permeate the various documents on the UN website would in fact strangle the very independent economic developments which alone could lift peoples out of poverty, given sufficient time and effort.
Finally, there is the question of who would foot the bill for all these ventures, e.g., free education for all, universal health care, etc. That should be clear. It would be U.S. taxpayers, through the new system of global taxation. Protest, and the International Criminal Court will come after you. I suspect that this outfit, if it was actually put in place, would make the IRS look like choirboys by comparison.
Opposing the New World Order.
Can an agenda this vast, backed up by the quantity of resources available to the superelite, be effectively countered? It would not be surprising if some simply despaired of putting a stop to the process of centralization of power in the hands of these very few.
The beginnings of an answer may be found in the writings of the eighteenth century Scottish philosopher David Hume, if we are willing and able to take them to heart. Hume observed that in the final analysis, political authorities derive their legitimacy from those they have authority over: no group of tyrants, no matter how great their resources, can maintain themselves in power by sheer political might indefinitely. We, the people (not the "peoples"), after all, vastly, vastly outnumber the superelite who – as the New York City summit has proven – can fit into a large auditorium. Those in power remain in power by maintaining credibility, and also by keeping everyone else as ignorant as possible about what they are up to. Once they lose both, their fall is assured.
One of the chief reasons the Soviet Empire collapsed was that its leaders lost credibility in the face of the obvious fact that, given the opportunity, peoples would undertake a mass exodus out from under Communist domination. This had happened in Eastern Europe, culminating in the dramatic fall of the Berlin Wall in late 1989. It could very well happen in the United States, as evidenced by the steadily awakening interest in the idea of secession and the appearance of secession movements all over the country, including in state legislatures. These are animated by the idea that the Washington government has gotten too big, too expensive, too unresponsive, and suffering from collective amnesia regarding its founding principles.
Given the failures of the Washington empire, motivated by welfare-state ideology, why would anyone regard as credible any effort to expand this ideology to create a global empire? It is clear that the UN superelite is trying.
The latter realization has motivated Ron Paul (R-TX), one of the few freedom-believing Congressmen, to introduce, or reintroduce, the (HR 1146). This Act, in its second incarnation (the first was in 1997), after languishing in committee, has garnered attention this past week for obvious reasons. It has become the basis for over 300,000 signed petitions collected by the American Policy Center, whose president, Tom DeWeese, organized the effort. These petitions call for the U.S. to pull out of the UN. Paul’s bill would give a pullout the sanction of law by repealing the United Nations Participation Act of 1945; moreover, by also repealing the United Nations Headquarters Agreement Act, it effectively orders the UN off American soil. Moreover, it disallows the appropriation of funds collected in the US for any UN purposes, and repeals Acts instituting U.S. involvement in the United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) and US participation in the United Nations Environmental Program. Meanwhile, there were protesters in New York City this past week. Americans may not be satisfied with the Washington government, but they would be even more horrified if they woke up one day and found themselves ruled by an international body, even more remote from their interests and concerns.
For all the actual diversity that exists on planet Earth, peoples seem to have one thing in common: they resent intrusions into their way of life at the hands of outsiders. Most peoples will countenance at least being ruled by their own, even if the rule is less than perfect. I predict that the particular vision of a New World Order animating the Millennium Forum will not to pass without the very bloodshed the 150-plus dignitaries say they want to avoid. After all, around the world the leading tendency is toward decentralization and secession (Tibet from China, Chechnya from Russia, Azerbaijan from Armenia, the Kurds from Iraq, Quebec from Canada: the list goes on and on). It goes without saying that there are people right here on U.S. soil who are ready to take up arms to protect their natural right to live as they see fit if they are not coercing anyone else, and to protect their regional identities and values from the hypothetical multiculturalist empire being advocated by the very powerful. (Come to think of it, small wonder that the elites and superelites all favor "gun control"!)
It is worth realizing that there are unlikely to be any sudden, earthshaking moves made to dissolve what little is left of individual freedom in the U.S., subjecting us all at once to a global tax, an international standing army, international courts, etc. The means by which America’s masses have been stripped of their freedoms to date have all been very gradual, often by stealth; there is enough in the above-cited documents to indicate that this will not change. Why should it? To date it has been an effective methodology of increasing control. It has already led to a level of state power over individuals that would have horrified the Framers. All we are likely to see is continued encroachments of a new layer of controls, a new bevy of bureaucrats to satisfy, new limitations on what we are able to do (and say) legally, and an increasingly UN-friendly educational system. Already, one can attend school board meetings or faculty meetings on the campuses of technical colleges and hear appeals that we should all be educating the young to become "global citizens."
However, are we up to the task? We live in a unique period in history, because of the ready availability of information on the World Wide Web and over the Internet. Carroll Quigley’s Tragedy and Hope can be ordered online. The literature of liberty is readily available through a multitude of forums ranging from the Ludwig von Mises Institute to Laissez-Faire Books. Bona fide censorship today is very, very difficult. Moreover, it makes little sense to speak of "conspiracies" when what is being done, is being done right out in the open where everyone can see it. One is tempted again and again of the arrogance of power. The real question, then, is: do we have the will to make use of our own resources?
Whether we are up to avoiding further centralization here in the US is still open to debate. The effects of decades of "public education" have taken their toll: Americans, by and large, are far more fascinated with Survivor, World Championship Wrestling and the fall football season than they are the affairs of state that determine the long-term destinies of nations. Our educational system now stresses vocational training, not the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution, even at so-called liberal arts colleges. Consequently, though the UN Summit has been given at least some publicity by major media and on the World Wide Web, most people have no idea what it is all about – or, in many cases, that the event is even happening.
So for us this question is still up for grabs: New World Order, United Nations Millennium Summit style, or freedom? If we do not educate ourselves about the superelite is up to – or if we continue to dismiss whistleblowers as kooky "conspiracy theorists" – we will deserve the consequences.
September 9, 2000

Recommended Books

Tragedy and Hope
by Carrol Quigley





The Nake Capitalist
by W. Cleon Skousen





The Naked Communist
by W. Cleon Skousen











The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed the Jewish People
by John Loftus and Mark Aarons






IBM and the Holocaust
by Edwin Black

America's Secret Establishment: An Introduction to the Order of Skull & Bones
by Antony C Sutton



En Route to Global Occupation: A High Ranking Government Liason Exposes the Secret Agenda for World Unification
by Gary H Kah





New World Order: The Ancient Plan of Secret Societies
by William T Still



Mass Control: Engineering Human Consciousness
by Jim Keith



The Self and the Political Order

by Bladwell Pub

Japan, Russia to sign peace treaty by 2000 (November 2, 1997)

KRASNOYARSK, Russia (CNN) -- The leaders of Russia and Japan concluded an informal summit Sunday with hugs and kisses -- and a pledge to work toward a Russian-Japanese peace treaty, nearly a half-century after World War II ended.

"This is a major breakthrough in relations between Russia and Japan," Russian President Boris Yeltsin told reporters after the so-called "no neckties" summit in this Siberian city.

"We had very serious discussion about a very complex problem, the issue of a peace treaty," said Japanese Prime Minister Ryutaro Hashimoto.

The two leaders set a goal of resolving the issue by 2000.

I N C O N T E X T
Japan and Russia never signed a peace treaty to formally end World War II because of a dispute over four islands which Russia calls the Kuril Islands and Japan names the Northern Territories. Moscow occupied the islands towards the end of the war and still controls them. In 1993 both sides pledged to end territorial dispute by legal means.

Japan and Russia never signed a peace treaty to formally end World War II because of a dispute over four islands, known to Russia as the Kuril Islands and at to Japan as the Northern Territories. Moscow occupied the islands toward the end of the war and still controls them, though Japanese-Russian tension in the region has eased markedly in past years.

The two countries singed a document in 1993 to resolve the dispute by legal means, but both sides so far have refused to cede. Tokyo wants the islands back but Moscow fears a nationalist backlash if it returns them, according to political analysts.

CNN's Jill Dougherty presents an overview of the summit
2 min. 30 sec. VXtreme video


Yeltsin acknowledged that compromises on the issue were likely to be met by criticism in both Russia and Japan.

Yeltsin and Hashimoto also agreed on a six-point plan to boost Japanese investment in Russia, Japanese assistance to help Russia integrate its economy into the world economy, and Tokyo's support for reforms in Russia, as well as the training of Russian managers.

Among the projects discussed at the summit was a feasibility study for the construction of a pipeline to carry Siberian natural gas via Mongolia and China to Japan.

Observers said that the Krasnoyarsk summit had clearly shown the economic and geopolitical realities that were driving the diplomatic agenda.

Russia, rich in natural resources and showing signs of stabilizing after years of economic upheaval, is an attractive partner for Japan, which lacks resources and is seeking new markets for its products, as analysts point out.

Tokyo is also concerned about China's increasing economic and military clout in the Asia-Pacific region and about the risk of turmoil on the Korean peninsula, Russian commentators say.

"If Russia and Japan can seal a peace treaty by the year 2000, as hoped, that would dramatically change the geopolitical scenery in northeast Asia," Japanese Foreign Ministry spokesman Nobuaki Tanaka said.

Yeltsin is scheduled to travel to China for a three-day summit next weekend as part of what is seen as Moscow's attempt to improve relations with key players in Asia.

Moscow Bureau Chief Jill Dougherty, The Associated Press and Reuters contributed to this report.

Yeltsin in Beijing to boost partnership (November 9, 1997)

BEIJING (CNN) -- Russian President Boris Yeltsin arrived in Beijing on Sunday for two days of talks aimed at boosting trade relations. He will also sign a treaty with China defining the 2,800-mile eastern border that the two countries fought over for three decades.

"This is a big success. The border demarcation alone made it worth coming here," Yeltsin told reporters as he arrived in Beijing for his third visit in five years. The accord, however, does not cover certain contested territories.

Yeltsin and Chinese President Jiang Zemin are to sign the agreement Monday. On Tuesday, Yeltsin flies to the northeastern city of Harbin, which was a key base for anti-communist Russians in the 1920s and 1930s.


The meeting agenda
Historical highlights of Chinese-Russian relations
Treaty of Nerchinsk establishes formal ties in 1689

Both nations fight with allies in World Wars I and II

Soviets supply China's Communist insurgents with weapons and military training during 1946-49 civil war

Josef Stalin and Mao Tse-tung sign 30-year alliance in 1950

Border dispute begins in mid-1960s

Soviets begin military buildup along border in 1967

Soviets and Chinese re-establish positive ties in 1989

Source: 'China: A Nation in Transition,' published by Congressional Quarterly

With all but a few miles of their long-standing border dispute settled, Jiang and Yeltsin likely will focus on their nations' sagging trade relations.

The neighbors have had intermittent trade ties since the days of the Roman empire. But in the last few years, their degree of economic exchange has plummeted.

The volume of their bilateral trade is paltry, given the size of the two giants. Trade for 1997 is not expected to reach the anemic $7 billion they exchanged in 1996. By contrast, China says its 1996 trade with Japan reached $60 billion, and its trade with the United States reached $43 billion.

Since the decline of the Soviet Union, weapons have been Russia's primary exports to China. More than a billion dollars worth were sold to China last year.

Russia would like to agree with China on a giant project that will tie the two nations together economically for a significant period of time.

Russian First Deputy Prime Minister Boris Nemtsov arrived in Beijing before his boss in order to discuss 16 items with Chinese Vice Premier Li Lanqing, as the two worked to complete the agenda for Yeltsin's visit.

One option Russia plans to promote is a gas pipeline from Siberia to China and South Korea.

"So far we do not have a big enough project to become a kick-starter of practical cooperation. The $12 billion pipeline project may certainly become one," Nemtsov told reporters.

Another key summit topic is Russia's cooperation in building nuclear power plants.

'Glorious traditions of friendship'

Russia and China "have glorious traditions of friendship and common historical fates," Yeltsin told reporters last week. He added the nations have also benefited from "the bitter lessons of disagreement and the invaluable experience of cooperation."

For the most part, the nations have been friendly for centuries, with their formal ties dating back to 1689.

The expansion of the Russian border during the following two centuries would prompt leaders of the two empires to sign a series of border demarcation treaties. The border concerns would resurface nearly a century later, in the mid 1960s, and a series of skirmishes would stretch into 1989.

But with the exception of those three decades, their ties mostly have been close.

Both nations fought with the allies during both world wars. Their ties would peak following World War II, as Moscow fed China's civil war by supplying the Communist insurgents with a steady stream of weapons and military training.

After his rise to power, China's Communist leader, Mao Tse-tung, visited Moscow in 1950. There, he and Soviet leader Joseph Stalin signed a 30-year treaty of alliance aimed at presenting the United States with a united Communist front.

Friendship sours
Their partnership suffered a blow in 1959, when the Soviets withdrew their support for China's nuclear weapons program. By the 1960s, the Chinese and the Soviets were fighting over their border and disagreeing over the troubles in Vietnam.

By the 1970s, Beijing would snub Moscow in favor of Washington. For the next two decades, Chinese leaders would remain fickle, cozying up to which ever nation could do Beijing the most good.

By 1989, Chinese and Soviet leaders decided to again strengthen their ties. Mikhail Gorbachev traveled to Beijing in May of that year. His meeting with Chinese leader Deng Xiaoping was successful, though overshadowed by pro-democracy student demonstrations that turned deadly two weeks later.

The dismantling of the Soviet Union and the subsequent end of the Cold War troubled China, yet did much to force Beijing to reconsider its position in the world.

Relations between Russia and China have been boosted by their common view of a "multi-polar" world, meaning no single power should dominate.

Renewed cooperation
Ahead of Yeltsin's arrival, the Chinese touted the new cooperation with Russia along their shared border.

"The number of blockade runners, smugglers and drug dealers has sharply dropped thanks to concerted action by law enforcement agencies of the two countries," one Chinese official told China's Xinhua news agency.

Fanfare will consume much of Yeltsin's visit to China. China's state performing arts groups and media have made much to-do about his visit.

On the eve of Yeltsin's arrival, the China Broadcasting Chorus Troupe gave a concert of Russian folk songs as a "friendly gesture," the Xinhua news agency reported.

Yeltsin's pomp duties include the opening of an exhibition of czarist treasures. He'll also confer friendship awards on several Chinese artists and academics.

Correspondent Rebecca MacKinnon, The Associated Press and Reuters contributed to this report.

China, Russia to hold joint war games in August 2005

Source: Reuters


BEIJING, Aug 2 (Reuters) - China and Russia will hold their first joint military exercises in August, involving nearly 10,000 troops, officials said on Tuesday.

The exercises, dubbed "Peace Mission 2005", will be held from August 18-25 in Vladivostok in the Russian far east, and in the coastal Chinese province of Shandong and nearby waters.

Defence officials in both countries were anxious to play down any threat to other countries in the region, saying the drills would work on ways to combat international terrorism and internal strife.

"We are not talking at all about North Korea or Taiwan, There were no such talks... so there is no occasion to speak about any third country," Russian General Vladimir Moltenskoi, deputy commander of land forces, told journalists in Moscow.

He said the scenarios included resolving ethnic strife and destroying "terrorists" at a coastal strip with naval forces.

Relations between China and Russia were strained by decades of mistrust during the Cold War, but the two nuclear powers have found much common ground in recent years and their military relationship has blossomed.

Russia is a major supplier of weapons to China, and both are leading members of the Shanghai Cooperation Organisation -- which also includes the Central Asian states of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Uzbekistan.

In July the organisation called for U.S.-led troops to fix a date to pull out of bases Central Asia, where Moscow has been concerned by what it sees as U.S. meddling in Russia's backyard.

China's official Xinhua news agency said on Tuesday the drills were meant "to deepen Sino-Russian mutual trust, promote mutual friendship and enhance the cooperation and coordination of the two armed forces".

The drills would also "help strengthen the capability of the two armed forces in jointly striking international terrorism, extremism and separatism", Xinhua said.

Russia's Moltenskoi said that scenarios include joint manoeuvres to cope with "ethnic splits, unrest and confrontations and resistance" to preserve order.

The large scale exercises will involve army, navy, air force, marine, airborne and logistics units, Moltenskoi said, adding that nuclear submarines and blanket bombing would not be used as the fictitious enemy did not merit such weaponry.

What a Tangled Web: American supporters of the Old European Fascists

Excerpts from research composed by Geoff Price.

Written: March 21, 2003 - April 18, 2003

Title: This War is about so much more

"A number of prominent and wealthy American businessmen helped to support fascist regimes in Europe from the 1920s through the 1940s. These people helped to support Francisco Franco during the Spanish Civil War of 1936, as well as Benito Mussolini, and Adolph Hitler."

"Some of the primary and more famous Americans and companies that were involved with the fascist regimes of Europe are: William Randolph Hearst, Joseph Kennedy (JFK’s father), Charles Lindbergh, John Rockefeller, Andrew Mellon (head of Alcoa, banker, and Secretary of Treasury), DuPont, General Motors, Standard Oil (now Exxon), Ford, ITT, Allen Dulles (later head of the CIA), Prescott Bush, National City Bank, and General Electric."

"It should be noted that businessmen from many countries, including England and Australia, also worked with the fascist regimes of Europe prior to WWII. The fascist governments were involved in a high level of construction, production, and international business."

"I.G. Farben, a German company, was the largest chemical manufacturing enterprise in the world during the early part of the 20th century. As such the company had many holdings in a variety of countries, including America. The American holdings of I.G. Farben included Bayer Co., General Aniline Works, Agfa Ansco, and Winthrop Chemical Company."

"I.G. Farben was critical in the development of the German economy and war machine leading up to WWII. During this time I.G. Farben’s international holdings along with its international business contracts with companies like Standard Oil, DuPont, Alcoa, and Dow Chemical were crucial in supplying the Nazi regime with the materials needed for war as well as financial support."

"The Spanish Civil War was the precursor to World War II. Fascist Francisco Franco was aided by Hitler and Mussolini during the Spanish Civil War. At this time GM, Ford, DuPont, and Standard Oil were working with Franco and supplying the fascist powers of Europe. At this same time many Americans were protesting the goings on in Europe as well as the involvement of American companies in helping the fascist powers. A group of American volunteer soldiers known as the Abe Lincoln Brigade went to Spain during this time to fight against Franco in defense of the Spanish Republic. This group was made up primarily of leftist American groups, such as members of American socialist parties and communist parties."

"The success of the fascists in Spain was an important first step in the building of fascist power in Europe and the stepping-stone for the Italian and German powers."

"The support of American corporations, and lack of American intervention by the government, was crucial in the success of this first step."

"American banks and businesses continued to support the fascist regimes of Europe legally up until the day Germany declared war on America and the activities were stopped under the Trading with the Enemy Act. Despite this, some companies and individuals still maintained a business relationship with the Third Reich. Ford and GM supplied European fascists with trucks and equipment as well as investing money in I.G. Farben plants. Standard Oil supplied the fascists with fuel. US Steel and Alcoa supplied them with critically needed metals. American banks gave them billion's of dollars worth of loans."

"The following is excerpted from a report printed by the United States Senate Committee on the Judiciary in 1974:

The activities of General Motors, Ford and Chrysler prior to and during World War II...are instructive. At that time, these three firms dominated motor vehicle production in both the United States and Germany. Due to its mass production capabilities, automobile manufacturing is one of the most crucial industries with respect to national defense. As a result, these firms retained the economic and political power to affect the shape of governmental relations both within and between these nations in a manner which maximized corporate global profits. In short, they were private governments unaccountable to the citizens of any country yet possessing tremendous influence over the course of war and peace in the world. The substantial contribution of these firms to the American war effort in terms of tanks, aircraft components, and other military equipment is widely acknowledged. Less well known are the simultaneous contributions of their foreign subsidiaries to the Axis Powers. In sum, they maximized profits by supplying both sides with the materiel needed to conduct the war.

During the 1920's and 1930's, the Big Three automakers undertook an extensive program of multinational expansion...By the mid-1930's, these three American companies owned automotive subsidiaries throughout Europe and the Far East; many of their largest facilities were located in the politically sensitive nations of Germany, Poland, Rumania, Austria, Hungary, Latvia, and Japan...Due to their concentrated economic power over motor vehicle production in both Allied and Axis territories, the Big Three inevitably became major factors in the preparations and progress of the war. In Germany, for example, General Motors and Ford became an integral part of the Nazi war efforts. GM's plants in Germany built thousands of bomber and jet fighter propulsion systems for the Luftwaffe at the same time that its American plants produced aircraft engines for the U.S. Army Air Corps....

Ford was also active in Nazi Germany's prewar preparations. In 1938, for instance, it opened a truck assembly plant in Berlin whose "real purpose," according to U.S. Army Intelligence, was producing "troop transport-type" vehicles for the Wehrmacht. That year Ford's chief executive received the Nazi German Eagle (first class)....

The outbreak of war in September 1939 resulted inevitably in the full conversion by GM and Ford of their Axis plants to the production of military aircraft and trucks.... On the ground, GM and Ford subsidiaries built nearly 90 percent of the armored "mule" 3-ton half-trucks and more than 70 percent of the Reich's medium and heavy-duty trucks. These vehicles, according to American intelligence reports, served as "the backbone of the German Army transportation system."....

After the cessation of hostilities, GM and Ford demanded reparations from the U.S. Government for wartime damages sustained by their Axis facilities as a result of Allied bombing... Ford received a little less than $1 million, primarily as a result of damages sustained by its military truck complex at Cologne...

Due to their multinational dominance of motor vehicle production, GM and Ford became principal suppliers for the forces of fascism as well as for the forces of democracy. It may, of course, be argued that participating in both sides of an international conflict, like the common corporate practice of investing in both political parties before an election, is an appropriate corporate activity. Had the Nazis won, General Motors and Ford would have appeared impeccably Nazi; as Hitler lost, these companies were able to re-emerge impeccably American. In either case, the viability of these corporations and the interests of their respective stockholders would have been preserved.

"In 1940 Graeme K. Howard, Vice President of General Motors, published America and a New World Order, in which he advised that America give full cooperation to the Nazi regime. In his book he blames FDR for causing the war in Europe and goes on to say that the fascists should be supported as the better alternative to the spread of Communism."

"The du Ponts helped to finance the Black Legion. The Black Legion was a Nazi style group supported by the du Ponts who were supporters of the Nazi movement in Germany and fanatical followers of the Third Reich. The organization was an American anti-socialist group that used violence against union leaders and union members. They have been implicated in the murder of several members of workers groups who were working in support of workers rights and benefits. The Black Legion was reported to have over 1.5 million members in the United States and was a group that was opposed to the FDR administration and was supposedly working to overthrow the administration. The Black Legion also had ties with the Ku Klux Klan, which was also a pro-Nazi group. The American Liberty League was another such organization."

“This cult-type organization operated in the midwest in the 1930's supposedly to protect the country from various forms of "isms". Members wore black costumes with skull and crossbones insignia and were allegedly responsible for numerous murders.”

William Randolph Hearst is known as one of the largest media moguls of all time. During the 1930s he worked with the Nazi party to help promote a positive image of the Nazi party in American media. He also received loans from Italian fascists bankers during this time. The actions of Hearst were an important element in shaping American sentiment about not getting involved in the political situation in Europe as many Americans were led to believe that there was nothing terribly wrong going on in Europe, and even after the war started some Americans continued to support the Nazi regime based on the propaganda that they had been exposed to through Hearst media sources.

Below is an example of what was said about the Nazis in Hearst publications, in this case the Reader’s Digest, 1933:

"That Hitler’s conquest of the hearts and minds of all classes of Germans is now so complete that even if all his Brown Shirts and Steel Helmets were to be disbanded, tomorrow he would still be easily the strongest man in Germany, and on any appeal to the electorate would be confirmed in power by a quite overwhelming majority of votes.

Hitler is recognized by the whole of the political and official intelligentsia as an exceedingly able man. As of the militarist question: One may say with complete certainty that what Hitler said in his Reichstag speech on May 17 was exactly what he meant and accurately represents the policy that he will pursue.

I found no German who dreamed of the possibility of war, few who did not hope that it might be prevented in the future altogether. The truth is that the Nazi mind is concentrated on the internal problems of Germany and does not want to be bothered by foreign affairs for a long time to come.

Hitler has passed from the stage of party leader to being the national prophet of an exceedingly serious people, and it would need another prophet to replace him.“

- Clifford Sharp, former editor of the New Statesman writing in The New Statesman and Nation. Reprinted in Readers Digest, September, 1933

Here is a copy of a 1938 article published in Better Homes and Gardens, a Hearst publication:

In 1935 American Ambassador to Germany wrote to President Roosevelt about the extent of Hearst's dealings with the Nazis. (Click here to read)

In this letter it was stated:

"For this service Hearst was to receive $200,000 a year, and he at once began to bring pressure to bear on his correspondents to give only friendly accounts of what happened in Germany.”

“…I [reporter Karl von Wiegand] learned a little later that all my reports from Germany went directly to Hearst and were re-edited so as to fit the new program.”

“…he [Hearst] at the same time sent Dosch-Fleurot here from Paris to administer the service in such a way that it would always be friendly to the Hitler regime."

Hearst publications continued to present the fascist regimes in Europe in a positive light until America finally entered the war.

Perhaps one of the most egregious contributors to the Nazi cause was IBM under the direction of Thomas J. Watson.

IBM

IBM knowingly helped to setup Nazi census databases through the use of data sorting machines that enabled the Nazis to carry out the Holocaust in a way that they would not have otherwise been able to. Point blank, IBM increased the size and scope of the Holocaust, and did it for profit.

Not only this, but...

IBM leased the machines, which they had developed especially for the Nazis, to the regime with the intention of taking them back, "once they were finished with them".

Thomas Watson was awarded a medal by Adolph Hitler for his role in assisting in the Nazi regime, .and Watson expressed, "the necessity of extending a sympathetic understanding to the German people, and their leader Adolph Hitler." He also expressed "the highest esteem for Hitler, his country, and his people."

More on IBM and Thomas J. Watson can be found here: Site

Charles Lindbergh was perhaps the most vocal and public supporter of the fascists, especially the Germans. Lindbergh was not so much a financial supporter of the Nazis, as he was a public advocate for allying with Germany to fight against Communism and promote White racial superiority. Lindbergh attended the Olympics as a guest of the Nazis and in 1938 he was given the Service Cross of the German Eagle while attending a dinner party in Berlin. He founded the America First Committee in 1940 to build opposition to FDR and FDR's support for American entry into the war in Europe.

After American entry into World War II Lindbergh went to work for Henry Ford as an aircraft design consultant, and then went on to Japan to support American efforts in the Pacific. This was actually against the approval of the Roosevelt administration.

Henry Ford was an avowed anti-Semite, and significant contributor to the Nazi movement in Germany.

In 1920 Ford stated: "The international financiers are behind all war. They are what is called the International Jew -- German Jews, French Jews, English Jews, American Jews. I believe that in all these countries except our own the Jewish financier is supreme... Here, the Jew is a threat."

In the 1920s he published The International Jew. Hitler himself ordered many copies of this book and was said to keep a copy on his desk. It is easy to see why when reading the book, because the attack on the Jews is vehement. The book states:

WHAT TO DO ABOUT IT?

Simply identify the source and nature of the influence which has overrun our schools and universities. Let the students know that their choice is between the Anglo-Saxons and the Tribe of Judah. Let the students decide, in making up their allegiance, whether they will follow the Builders or those who seek to tear down. It is not a case for argument. The only absolute antidote to the Jewish influence is to call college students back to a pride of race.

We often speak of the Fathers as if they were the few who happened to affix their signatures to a great document which marked a new era of liberty. The Fathers of our nation were the men of the Anglo-Saxon-Celtic race. The men who came from Europe with civilization in their blood and in their destiny. The men who crossed the Atlantic and set up civilization on a bleak and rock-bound coast; the men who drove north to Alaska and west to California; the men who opened up the tropics and subdued the arctics; the men who mastered the African veldt; the men who peopled Australia and seized the gates of the world at Suez, Gibraltar and Panama; men who have given form to every government and a livelihood to every people and an ideal to every century. They got neither their God nor their religion from Judah, nor yet their speech nor their creative genius- they are the Ruling People. Chosen throughout the centuries to Master the world, by building it ever better and better, and not by breaking it down.

Into the camp of this race, among the sons of the rulers, comes a people that has no civilization to point to, no aspiring religion, no universal speech, no great achievement in any realm but the realm of "get," cast out of every land that gave them hospitality, and these people endeavor to tell the Sons of the Saxons what is needed to make the world what it ought to be!

If our sons follow this counsel of dark rebellion and destruction, it is because they do not know whose sons they are, of what race they are the scions. Let there be free speech to the limit in our universities and free intercourse of ideas, but let Jewish thoughts be labeled Jewish, and let our sons know the racial secret...

NAME THE ENEMY!

...

Judah has begun the struggle. Judah has made the invasion. Let it come. Let no man fear it. But let every a man insist that the fight be fair. Let college students and leaders of thought know that the objective is the regnancy of the ideas and the race that have built all the civilization we see and that promises all the civilization of the future; let them also know that the attacking force is Jewish.

That is all that will be necessary. It is against this that the Jews protest. "You must not identify us," they say, "You must not use the term 'Jew'." Why? Because unless the Jewish idea can creep in under the assumption of other than Jewish origin, it is doomed. Anglo-Saxon ideas dare proclaim themselves and their origin. A proper proclamation is all that is necessary today. Compel every invading idea to run up its flag!


People today try to put all of this blame on Hitler, but it was not just Hitler, in fact the ideas of the Nazis were far more pervasive and were publicized by Henry Ford.

Why? Because he believed in an international Jewish conspiracy. Ford was more then just anti-Semitic, you can see by reading his publications that it went well beyond a matter of racism and not liking people. He viewed this, and many others did as well, as a war between the Anglo way of life and that of the Jews.

The hate that so many talk about in America today, it runs much deeper then many would imagine, and it is founded in much more substantial ideas then most would think as well.

Ford helped shape Hitler's views on the Jews, and those of many people around he world.

At the Nuremberg Trials Baldur Von Shirach claimed that Henry Ford was the primary inspiration for his anti-Semitism.

Shirach, a former Nazi youth leader, stated: "You have no idea what a great influence this book had on the thinking of the German youth…I read Henry Ford's book 'The International Jewry'…and became anti-Semitic."

[View Jewish Virtual Library]

Ford also made large personal contributions to Hitler's political campaigns. Hitler spoke of Ford in his speeches and had a portrait of Ford in his office.

In 1938 Henry Ford received the Grand Cross of the Order of the German Eagle as a birthday present from Adolph Hitler. He was given the medal in his office in Michigan by two officials from the Third Reich, as seen below:

Ford never returned this medal, even after WWII. The head of IBM, who had also been given a medal from Hitler because he was a supporter of the Third-Reich, returned his medal after WWII, but Henry did not despite public outcry.

Overall, what is critical to recognize is that American corporations and wealthy individuals played an important part in the construction of the Nazi Empire and the various fascist groups of Europe leading up to World War II. Without American support it is doubtful that the fascist powers of Europe would have ever achieved their positions of power and been able to develop the military institutions necessary to wage the Second World War. Indeed Ford himself contributed not only monetarily but ideologically as well. It is important to note that America was still the wealthiest country in the world at that time even though America was also in a state of economic depression. Many of America’s wealthy were only mildly affected by the depression, if at all, and many of them were opposed to the FDR administration.

Important information about the ties between American businessmen and the fascist powers of Europe was communicated to FDR by the American Ambassador to Germany during the 1930s, William E. Dodd. His writings on the matter are of critical importance. He wrote about connections between Hearst and the Nazis as well as Hearst and the Italians, in addition to Nazi connections with other wealthy Americans.

“A clique of U.S. industrialists is hell-bent to bring a fascist state to supplant our democratic government and is working closely with the fascist regime in Germany and Italy. I have had plenty of opportunity in my post in Berlin to witness how close some of our American ruling families are to the Nazi regime. . . . “

"Certain American industrialists had a great deal to do with bringing fascist regimes into being in both Germany and Italy. They extended aid to help Fascism occupy the seat of power, and they are helping to keep it there."

- William E. Dodd, U.S. Ambassador to Germany, 1937

[Read writtings by William E Dodd Here

What is also critical to observe is that this information is not a part of standard American history. The fact that this information is not openly disclosed is very important from many perspectives.

For one, how can we as a people truly learn from history if we don’t know real history? We have to know what really happened if we are to learn to really prevent it from happening again.


For another, why is it that so many of America's largest corporations and most influential political officials have direct ties to the Nazi empire?

-------------------------

Naga Fangzahne: What are your thoughts on this information? Share your comments.

Sugar-Coated Venom

Go here for your dose of sugar-coated venom.




Now a message from the President.

George Bush, Skull & Bones and the JFK Assassination

George Bush, Skull & Bones and the JFK Assassination

(c) Copyright Little Red Hen


Rodney Stich's book "Defrauding America" tells of a "deep-cover CIA officer" assigned to a counter-intelligence unit, code-named Pegasus. This unit "had tape-recordings of plans to assassinate Kennedy" from a tap on the phone of J. Edgar Hoover. The people on the tapes were "[Nelson] Rockefeller, Allen Dulles, [Lyndon] Johnson of Texas, George Bush and J. Edgar Hoover."

Could George Bush be involved in the JFK assassination?

In 1963, Bush was living in Houston, busily carrying out his duties as president of the Zapata Offshore oil company. He denied the existence of a note sent by the FBI's J. Edgar Hoover to "Mr. George Bush of the CIA." When news of the note surfaced, the CIA first said they never commented on employment questions, but later relented said yes, a "George Bush" was mentioned in the note, but that it was "another" George Bush, not the man who took office in the White House in 1988.

Some intrepid reporters tracked down the "other" George Bush and discovered that he was just a lowly clerk who had shuffled papers for the CIA for about six months. He never received any interagency messages from anybody at the FBI, let alone the Queen Mary.

It is also worth noting that a CIA code word for Bay of Pigs was Operation Zapata, and that two of the support vessels were named Barbara and Houston.

Many say that George Bush was high up on the CIA ladder at the time, running proprietorial vehicles and placed in a position of command, responsible for many of the Cubans recruited into "service" at the time. All through the Iran-Contra affair, Felix Rodriguez, the man who captured and had Che Guevara killed for the CIA, always seemed to call Bush's office first.

From The Realist (Summer, 1991)

"Bush was working with the now-famous CIA agent, Felix Rodriguez, recruiting right-wing Cuban exiles for the invasion of Cuba. It was Bush's CIA job to organize the Cuban community in Miami for the invasion.... A newly discovered FBI document reveals that George Bush was directly involved in the 1963 murder of President John Kennedy. The document places marksmen by the CIA. Bush at that time lived in Texas. Hopping from Houston to Miami weekly, Bush spent 1960 and '61 recruiting Cubans in Miami for the invasion....

"George Bush claims he never worked for the CIA until he was appointed Director by former Warren Commission director and then president Jerry Ford in 1976. Logic suggests that is highly unlikely. Of course, Bush has a company duty to deny being in the CIA. The CIA is a secret organization. No one ever admits to being a member. The truth is that Bush has been a top CIA official since before the 1961 invasion of Cuba, working with Felix Rodriguez. Bush may deny his actual role in the CIA in 1959, but there are records in the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba that expose Bush's role..."

On the Watergate tapes, June 23, 1972, referred to in the media as the 'smoking gun' conversation, Nixon and his Chief of Staff, H.R. Haldeman, were discussing how to stop the FBI investigation into the CIA Watergate burglary. They were worried that the investigation would expose their connection to 'the Bay of Pigs thing.' Haldeman, in his book "The Ends of Power", reveals that Nixon always used code words when talking about the 1963 murder of JFK. Haldeman said Nixon would always refer to the assassination as 'the Bay of Pigs'.

On that transcript we find Nixon discussing the role of George Bush's partner, Robert Mosbacher, as one of the Texas fundraisers for Nixon. On the tapes Nixon keeps referring to the 'Cubans' and the 'Texans.' The 'Texans' were Bush, Mosbacher and Baker. This is another direct link between Bush and evidence linking Nixon and Bush to the Kennedy assassination."

Motives for the Conspiracy

So, why would an intelligence agency/secret society want to smuggle drugs and assassinate JFK?

Well, they make a lot of money, and they garner intelligence assets through their participation. There's also the rationale that the world is a seamy and unseemly place, and if you're going to be the 'big boy' on the block, you better know what's going on. And what better way of knowing than by running it yourself? There are also some who theorize that the covert drug trade fits with plans to destabilize American families and society. Through demoralizing and fracturing the body politic, they can impose their will using psychological warfare and the political alchemy of the Hegellian dialectic.

James Shelby Downard's article, "Sorcery, Sex, Assassination and the Science of Symbolism ," an underground classic, links American historical events with a wild, numerological, grand occult plan "to turn us into cybernetic mystery zombies". The assassination of JFK, this article contends, was the performance of a public occult ritual called The Killing of the King, designed as a mass-trauma, mind-control assault against our U.S. national body-politic.

During Operation Sunrise, Operation Blowback, Operation Paperclip and others, thousands of Nazi scientists, researchers and administrators were brought to the United States after World War II. Many were "smuggled" into the country against direct, written, orders from President Harry S. Truman.

Project Monarch was the resumption of a mind-control project called Marionette Programming, which started in Nazi Germany. The basic component of the Monarch Program is the sophisticated manipulation of the mind, using extreme trauma to induce Multiple Personality Disorder.

Mr. Downward feels that the perpetrators purposefully murdered JFK in such a way as to affect our National identity and cohesiveness -- to fracture America's soul. Even the blatancy of their conspiracy was designed to show "their superiority" and "our futility".

There have been studies that show a correlation between the JFK assassination and the rise in violence in society, distrust of government and other extensions of social ills.

The Illuminati - Subverting the Body Politic

Why this attack against our body politic?

In 1785, a bolt of lightning struck a courier en route to Paris from Frankfort-on-the-Main. A tract written by Adam Weishaupt, founder of the Illuminati, "Original Shift in Days of Illuminations," was recovered from the dead messenger, containing the secret society's long-range plan for "The New World Order through world revolution".

The Bavarian Government outlawed the society and in 1787 published the details of The Illuminati conspiracy in "The Original Writings of the Order and Sect of the Illuminati."

In Adam Weishaupt's own words:


"By this plan, we shall direct all mankind in this manner. And, by the simplest means, we shall set all in motion and in flames. The occupations must be so allotted and contrived that we may, in secret, influence all political transactions."
There is disagreement among scholars as to whether or not the Illuminati survived its banishment. Nevertheless, the group had been quite successful in attracting members and had allied itself with the extensive Masonic networks.

The Illuminati was publicly founded May 1, 1776 at the University of Ingolstadt by Weishaupt, Professor of Canon Law. It was a very "learned" society; Weishaupt drew the earliest members of his new order from among his students.

On December 5, 1776, students at William and Mary College founded a secret society, Phi Beta Kappa. A second chapter was formed, at Yale, in 1780. The anti-Masonic movement in the United States during the 1820s held groups such as Phi Beta Kappa in a bad light. Because of pressure, the society went public. This is noted by some researchers as the direct cause of the appearance of Yale's Order of Skull and Bones.

In "The Cyclopedia Of Fraternities", a genealogical chart of general Greek-Letter college fraternities in the United States, shows Phi Beta Kappa as "the parent of all the fraternal systems in [American] higher education." There is only one "side" lineal descendant: the Yale chapter of 1780. The line then continues to Skull and Bones in 1832, and on through the other "only at Yale" senior societies, Scroll & Key and Wolf's Head.

Phi Beta Kappa is the "first three Greek letters, for 'Philosophia Biou Kubernetes' or 'Love of wisdom, the helmsman of life'." A skull homophone is scull, a quick, gliding boat and part of Skull & Bones first nomenclature.

John Robison, a professor of natural philosophy at Edinburgh University in Scotland and a member of a Freemason Lodge, said that he was asked to join the Illuminati. After study, he concluded the purposes of the Illuminati were not for him.

In 1798, he published a book called "Proofs Of A Conspiracy":


"An association has been formed for the express purpose of rooting out all the religious establishments and overturning all the existing governments.... the leaders would rule the World with uncontrollable power, while all the rest would be employed as tools of the ambition of their unknown superiors."
"Proofs of A Conspiracy" was sent to George Washington. Responding to the sender of the book with a letter, the president said he was aware the Illuminati were in America. He felt that the Illuminati had "diabolical tenets" and that their object was "a separation of the People from their government."

In "Proofs Of A Conspiracy", Robison printed the ceremony of initiation of the "Regent degree" in Illuminism. In it "a skeleton is pointed out to him [the initiate], at the feet of which are laid a crown and a sword. He is asked 'whether that is the skeleton of a king, nobleman or a beggar.' As he cannot decide, the president of the meeting says to him, 'The character of being a man is the only one that is importance'".

This is, essentially, the same as the writing in the Skull & Bones "tomb":


"Wer war der Thor, wer Weiser, Bettler oder Kaiser? Ob Arm, ob Reich, im Tode gleich."
Which reads:

"Who was the fool, who the wise man, beggar or king? Whether poor or rich, all's the same in death."

Is the Order of the Skull & Bones part of the Illuminati?

When a person is initiated into Skull & Bones, they are given a new name, similar to the practice of the Illuminati. And many recorded Illuminati members can be shown to have contact and/or strong influences with many of the professors that taught "Bonesmen" in Berlin.

When a secret society conspires against the sovereignty of a king, they need to organize, raise funds, make their plans operational, and hopefully bring them to fruition.

Could we have in the United States a secret society that has used the "National Security State" as a cover for their nefarious plans?

From "George Bush: The Unauthorized Biography"


"That September [1951], Robert Lovett replaced Marshall as secretary of defense. Meanwhile, Harriman was named director of the Mutual Security Agency, making him the U.S. chief of the Anglo-American military alliance. By now, Brown Brothers, Harriman was everything but commander-in-chief.
"A central focus of the Harriman security regime in Washington (1950-53) was the organization of covert operations and 'psychological warfare.' Harriman, together with his lawyers and business partners, Allen and John Foster Dulles, wanted the government's secret services to conduct extensive propaganda campaigns and mass-psychology experiments within the U.S.A., and paramilitary campaigns abroad....

"The Harriman security regime created the Psychological Strategy Board (PSB) in 1951. The man appointed director of the PSB [was] Gordon Gray.... Gordon's brother, R.J. Reynolds chairman Bowman Gray Jr., was also a naval intelligence officer, known around Washington as the 'founder of operational intelligence.' Gordon Gray became a close friend and political ally of Prescott Bush; and Gray's son became for Prescott's son, George, his lawyer and the shield of his covert policy."

So you have the Whitney/Stimson/Bundy clan and the Harriman/Bush boys wielding a tremendous amount of influence on the political, economic and social affairs of America and the world. Then you have Prescott Bush's buddy Richard Nixon as an activist vice-president. Then, a nation-chilling assassination, some time under LBJ with the Bundy boys keeping things in line, then Nixon as President with "Bonesmen" aides Ray Price ('51) and Richard A. Moore. Some time out for a Trilateralist-Democrat-patsy president, followed by Prescott's son as an activist vice-president under Reagan. Next, we get a Skull and Bones president who declares a "New World Order" while beating up on his business partner, Saddam Hussein.

After twelve years of Republican administrations, Bush passes the reins to his drug smuggling buddy from Arkansas, Bill Clinton, who studied at Yale Law School. According to some researchers, Clinton was recruited as a CIA operative while a Rhodes Scholar at Oxford. Could this be the "old Hegallian historical dialectic process"?

World History: Plan or Accident?

Will we get another failed Democratic administration? A scandal as disgraceful as Nixon's fall? When Robert P. Johnson (William Barr) told Clinton in a bunker in Arkansas that "you are our fair-haired boy, but you do have competition for the job you seek. We would never put all our eggs in one basket. You and your state have been our greatest asset.... Mr. Casey wanted me to pass on to you, that unless you fuck up and do something stupid, you are number one on our short list for shot at the job you always wanted."

So, you have William Casey -- CIA Director, George Bush's campaign manager and Sovereign Knight of Malta -- speaking through the proxy of George Bush's last Attorney General to George's rival in the 1992 federal elections. Is it all just a show and sham for U.S. hoi polloi?

Perhaps so, if there exists the type of control over the electoral process as told by Mae Brussell and the suppressed book "VoteScam," written by Jim and Ken Collier:


"...Your vote and mine may now be a meaningless bit of energy directed by preprogrammed computers-which can be fixed to select certain pre-ordained candidates and leave no footprints or paper trail.
"In short, computers are covertly stealing your vote.

"--For almost three decades the American vote has been subject to government-sponsored electronic theft.

"--The vote has been stolen from you by a cartel of federal "national security" bureaucrats, who include higher-ups in the Central Intelligence Agency, political party leaders, Congressmen, co-opted journalists and the owners and managers -- of the major Establishment news media, who have decided in concert that how America's votes are counted, by whom they are counted and how the results are verified and delivered to the public is, as one of them put it, 'Not a proper area of inquiry.'

"--By means of an unofficial private corporation named News Election Service (NES), the Establishment press has actual physical control of the counting and dissemination of the vote, and it refuses to let the public know how it is done."

Is the American electorate subjected to cyclic propaganda, pre-selected candidates and winners, and psychological warfare to alienate Americans from the institutions established to serve them by the Constitution? Are the Democratic and Republican National Parties used for a Hegellian experiment in controlled conflict?

Pamela Churchill Harriman, Averil's wife, is one of the Democratic Party's biggest fund-raisers. She once gave Bill a job as director of her "PAM PAC" when he was defeated for governor in 1980. Bill paid her back by appointing her as Ambassador to France.

Another Harriman/Bush friend, Eugene Stetson ('34), was an assistant manager for Prescott Bush at Brown Brothers, Harriman's New York office. He organized the H. Smith Richardson Foundation. The foundation, in the late 1950s, participated in the MKULTRA, the CIA's domestic covert psychological warfare operation. The Richardson Foundation helped to finance the testing of psychotropic drugs, including LSD, at Bridgewater Hospital in Massachusetts, the center of some of the most brutal MK-ULTRA experiments.

During the Iran-Contra operations, the H. Smith Richardson Foundation was a "private donors steering committee," working with the National Security Council to co-ordinate the Office of Public Diplomacy. This was an effort to propagandize in favor of and run cover for the Iran-Contra operations, and to coordinate published attacks on opponents of the program.

The H. Smith Richardson Foundation also runs the Center for Creative Leadership at Langley to "train leaders of the CIA," as well as another center near Greensboro, North Carolina, that trains CIA and Secret Service Agents. Almost everyone who achieves the military rank of general also gets this training.

This is just the tip of an iceberg. You also have eugenics and population control, suppressed history and technology, yearly retreats, profitable partnerships with brutal dictators, deals with "terrorists", the involvement of the Knights of Malta, war-mongering and profiteering, mind-control, secret societies for teens, ritual magic and more -- all spinning the dark threads in the web of conspiracy that our spinning blue ball has gotten caught in.

We've got a whole new crop of "Bonesmen" coming up, including George H.W. Bush's son George W. Bush ('68), Governor of Texas.

When Don Schollander ('68), the Olympic gold-medalist and only known Skull and Bones member living in Portland, was contacted by Willamette Week reporter John Schrang regarding his involvement in the Order, he said, "It's really something I can't talk about."

Not wouldn't, but "couldn't".

In wake of Antony Sutton's first ground-breaking exposes of the Order, the Sterling Library at Yale has refused to allow any other researchers access to the Russell Trust papers.

Daniel Gilman, like most Bonesmen, makes no mention of Skull & Bones or the Russell Trust in his memoirs or biographies.

So, are we all just 'fodder" for a secret society with satanic overtones that is attempting to form a one world government with themselves at the helm? Or is the Order of Skull and Bones just a bunch of frat boys from Yale? Wanna bet your future on it?

(c) Copyright Little Red Hen

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In 2000 George W. Bush became President of the US. His actions seem part of a greater plan that takes humanity to its next evolution but bringing it full circle in the middle east. I see him as a pawn in a game.

It is now September 2004 - and all indications point to Bush be re-ellected though most people oppose his policies in all areas.

Bush Family Ties

Quoting several established sources in previous conversations since the 2004 elections, I passed along the buzz that George W. Bush was indeed related to Senator and presidential candidate John Kerry. You can read the full details here. (I also found it interesting that both of these men were related to Playboy mogul Hugh Hefner).

On the surface, the fact that both Bush and Kerry are blood relatives, cousins, may seem irrelevant. But in my own mind, I felt, well, lets just say, I felt a disturbance in the force.

From previous knowledge, I already knew that this was not the only way in which they are connected. CBS failed to mention in their pre=election article (perhaps elsewhere) that both men attended the prestigious Yale University. More importantly, that both men were members of a secret society, based on Yale campus, called the Skull & Bones. More on this later.

In John Loftus' and Mark Aarons' national bestselling book, The Secret War Against the Jews: How Western Espionage Betrayed the Jewish People, they use 'literally thousands of previously top-secret documents and interviews with hundreds of current and former spies', to expose one of (in my opinion) the most clandestine family bloodlines and their hidden agendas--the Bush Family Dynasty.

In the midst of a war in the middle East, we should take time to reflect back in time, before 9/11. Before George "W" Bush. As early as 1994, when their book was published, Loftus and Aarons' point out that:

"In 1989 George H. Bush signed a top-secret order, National Security Directive #26, permitting the secret transfer of sensitive weapons technology to Iraq. Oil imports from Iraq climbed to 1,100,100 barrels a day in 1990. Billions of dollars' worth of loans guaranteed by American taxpayers went to Saddam Hussein, after U.S. intelligence reported that he was using money to build atomic and chemical weapons of genocide." p.491

The British link


"The British were brazen about sending arms to Iraq. One Whitehall aide wrote that "I doubt if there is any future market on such a scale anywhere where the UK is potentially so well placed." Iraq was "the big prize." More than six weeks after Saddam invaded Kuwait, the British government was still shipping large quantities of artillery shells to Jordan, with full knowledge that they would be diverted to Iraq. None of this secret history was made public at the time of the Gulf war." p. 491


The "Oil Men"

"It is a matter of public record that many former members of the Reagan-Bush administrations had such heavy investments in oil-companies that they had a clear conflict of interest in determining U.S. policy in the Middle East. As previously mentioned, George Bush secretly waived the Federal conflict of interest policy. Many members of his administration have enriched themselves in the Gulf states after leaving government service. Even Bush's son George Jr. was awarded a lucrative oil contract in the Gulf. No matter which side triumphed in the Gulf War, the oil men had won. To the victors go the spoils." p. 491


It should be further noted that:

Bush is closely related to every European monarch on and off the throne -- including the King of Albania -- and has kinship with every member of Britain's royal family, the House of Windsor.

He is a 13th cousin of Britain's Queen Mother, and of her daughter Queen Elizabeth and is a 13th cousin once removed of the heir to the throne, Prince Charles.
Bush's family tree can be documented as far back as the early 15th century.

He has a direct descent from Henry III and from Henry VIII's sister Mary Tudor, who was also the wife of Louis XI of France. He is also descended from Charles II of England.

Interestingly, much of the same can be said of John F. Kerry, and former opponent in the 2000 elections Al Gore!

The following is quoted from the Portland Independent Media Center
It is now clear that Mr. Gore and Mr. Bush have an unusually large number of royal and noble descents," said Harold Brooks-Baker, publishing director of Burke's Peerage.

"In point of fact, never in the history of the United States have two presidential candidates been as well endowed with royal alliances."

Brooks-Baker said there had always been a significant "royalty factor" in those who aspired to the White House, with Presidents George Washington, Thomas Jefferson, Franklin and Theodore Roosevelt and Ronald Reagan, among others, all boasting blue blood links.

Democrat candidate Gore, who is currently lagging Bush by one point in opinion polls ahead of U.S. elections in November, has a less illustrious gene pool.

Being a descendant of Edward I, he is also a cousin of former U.S. president Richard Nixon, who resigned from the White House in 1974 for his part in the Watergate scandal.

But Gore does have direct links to the holy Roman Empire.

He is a descendant of Roman Emperors Louis II, Charles II and Louis I and is therefore also a direct descendant of Charlemagne -- the eight-century Emperor.

The problem is, Gore's Charlemagne links also make him a cousin of George W. Bush.

Click here to listen to what Bush has to say about his White House and his constituents.

More to come.
Any comments?

On January 2nd, 1939, Time Magazine named Adolf Hitler 'Man of the Year' for 1938.

Adolf Hitler, Time Magazines's 1938 Man of the Year

On January 2, 1939, Time Magazine published its annual Man of the Year issue. For the year 1938, Time had chosen Adolf Hitler as the man who "for better or worse" (as Time founder Henry Luce expressed it) had most influenced events of the preceding year. The cover picture featured Hitler playing "his hymn of hate in a desecrated cathedral while victims dangle on a St. Catherine's wheel and the Nazi hierarchy looks on." This picture was drawn by Baron Rudolph Charles von Ripper, a German Catholic who had fled Hitler's Germany.

The Man of the Year cover had been a Time tradition since 1927 when Charles Lindbergh became the first Man of the Year. Ironically, Lindbergh was an admirer of Hitler and Nazi Germany; he became active in the America First organization which opposed America entering World War II in the fight against Adolf Hitler.




The article about the 1938 Man of the Year in the January 2, 1939 issue of Time is quoted below:



January 2, 1939

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Adolf Hitler

Greatest single news event of 1938 took place on September 29, when four statesmen met at the Führerhaus, in Munich, to redraw the map of Europe. The three visiting statesmen at that historic conference were Prime Minister Neville Chamberlain of Great Britain, Premier Edouard Daladier of France, and Dictator Benito Mussolini of Italy. But by all odds the dominating figure at Munich was the German host, Adolf Hitler.



Führer of the German people, Commander-in-Chief of the German Army, Navy & Air Force, Chancellor of the Third Reich, Herr Hitler reaped on that day at Munich the harvest of an audacious, defiant, ruthless foreign policy he had pursued for five and a half years. He had torn the Treaty of Versailles to shreds. He had rearmed Germany to the teeth--or as close to the tooth as he was able. He had stolen Austria before the eyes of a horrified and apparently impotent world.



All these events were shocking to nations which had defeated Germany on the battlefield only 20 years before, but nothing so terrified the world as the ruthless, methodical, Nazi-directed events which during late summer and early autumn threatened a world war over Czechoslovakia. When without loss of blood he reduced Czechoslovakia to a German puppet state, forced a drastic revision of Europe's defensive alliances, and won a free hand for himself in Eastern Europe by getting a "hands-off" promise from powerful Britain (and later France), Adolf Hitler without doubt became 1938's Man of the Year.



Most other world figures of 1938 faded in importance as the year drew to a close. Prime Minister Chamberlain's "peace with honor" seemed more than ever to have achieved neither. An increasing number of Britons ridiculed his appease-the-dictators policy, believed that nothing save abject surrender could satisfy the dictators' ambitions.



Among many Frenchmen there rose a feeling that Premier Daladier, by a few strokes of the pen at Munich, had turned France into a second-rate power. Aping Mussolini in his gestures and copying triumphant Hitler's shouting complex, the once liberal Daladier at year's end was reduced to using parliamentary tricks to keep his job.



During 1938 Dictator Mussolini was only a decidedly junior partner in the firm of Hitler & Mussolini, Inc. His noisy agitation to get Corsica and Tunis from France was rated as a weak bluff whose immediate objectives were no more than cheaper tolls for Italian ships in the Suez Canal and control of the Djibouti-Addis Ababa railroad.



Gone from the international scene was Eduard Benes, for 20 years Europe's "Smartest Little Statesman." Last President of free Czechoslovakia, he was now a sick exile from the country he helped found. Pious Chinese Generalissimo Chiang Kai-shek, Man of 1937, was forced to retreat to a "New" West China, where he faced the possibility of becoming only a respectable figurehead in an enveloping Communist movement. If Francisco Franco had won the Spanish Civil War after his great spring drive, he might well have been Man-of-the-Year timber. But victory still eluded the Generalissimo and war weariness and disaffection on the Rightist side made his future precarious.



On the American scene, 1938 was no one man's year. Certainly it was not Franklin Roosevelt's; his Purge was beaten and his party lost much of its bulge in the Congress. Secretary Hull will remember Good Neighborly 1938 as the year he crowned his trade treaty efforts with the British agreement, but history will not specially identify Mr. Hull with 1938. At year's end in Lima, his plan of Continental Solidarity for the two Americas had a few of its teeth pulled.



But the figure of Adolf Hitler strode over a cringing Europe with all the swagger of a conqueror. Not the mere fact that the Führer brought 10,500,000 more people (7,000,000 Austrians, 3,500,000 Sudetens) under his absolute rule made him the Man of 1938. Japan during the same time added tens of millions of Chinese to her empire. More significant was the fact Hitler became in 1938 the greatest threatening force that the democratic, freedom-loving world faces today.



His shadow fell far beyond Germany's frontier. Small, neighboring States (Denmark, Norway, Czechoslovakia, Lithuania, The Balkans, Luxembourg, The Netherlands) feared to offend him. In France Nazi pressure was in part responsible for some of the post-Munich anti-democratic decrees. Fascism had intervened openly in Spain, had fostered a revolt in Brazil, was covertly aiding revolutionary movements in Rumania, Hungary, Poland, Lithuania. In Finland a foreign minister had to resign under Nazi pressure. Throughout eastern Europe after Munich the trend was toward less freedom, more dictatorship. In the U.S. alone did democracy feel itself strong enough at year's end to give Hitler his come-uppance.



The Fascintern, with Hitler in the driver's seat, with Mussolini, Franco and the Japanese military cabal riding behind, emerged in 1938 as an international, revolutionary movement. Rant as he might against the machinations of international Communism and international Jewry, or rave as he would that he was just a Pan-German trying to get all the Germans back in one nation, Führer Hitler had himself become the world's No. 1 International Revolutionist--so much so that if the oft-predicted struggle between Fascism and Communism now takes place it will be only because two revolutionist dictators, Hitler and Stalin, are too big to let each other live in the same world.



But Führer Hitler does not regard himself as a revolutionary; he has become so only by force of circumstances. Fascism has discovered that freedom--of press, speech, assembly--is a potential danger to its own security. In Fascist phraseology democracy is often coupled with Communism. The Fascist battle against freedom is often carried forward under the false slogan of "Down with Communism!" One of the chief German complaints against democratic Czechoslovakia last summer was that it was an "outpost of Communism."



A generation ago western civilization had apparently outgrown the major evils of barbarism except for war between nations. The Russian Communist Revolution promoted the evil of class war. Hitler topped it by another, race war. Fascism and Communism both resurrected religious war. These multiple forms of barbarism gave shape in 1938 to an issue over which men may again, perhaps soon, shed blood: the issue of civilized liberty v. barbaric authoritarianism.



Lesser men of the year seemed small indeed beside the Führer. Undoubted Crook of the Year was the late Frank Donald Coster (ne Musica), with Richard Whitney, now in Sing Sing Prison, as runner-up. Sportsman of the Year was Tennist Donald Budge, champion of the U.S., England, France, Australia. Aviator of the Year was 33-year-old Howard Robard Hughes, diffident millionaire, who flew a sober, precise, foolproof course 14,716 miles round the top of the world in three days, 19 hours, eight minutes.



Radio's Man of the Year was youthful Orson Welles who, in his famous The War of the Worlds broadcast, scared fewer people than Hitler, but more than had ever been frightened by radio before, demonstrating that radio can be a tremendous force in whipping up mass emotion. Playwright of the Year was Thornton Wilder, previously a precious litterateur, whose first play on Broadway, Our Town, was not only ingenious and moving, but a big hit. To Gabriel Pascal, producer of Pygmalion, first full-length picture based on the wordy dramas of George Bernard Shaw, went the title of Cineman of the Year for having discovered a rich mine of dramatic material when other famed producers had given up all hope of ever tapping it. Men of the Year, outstanding in comprehensive science were three medical researchers who discovered that nicotinic acid was a cure for human pellagra: Drs. Tom Douglas Spies of Cincinnati General Hospital, Marion Arthur Blankenhorn of the University of Cincinnati, Clark Niel Cooper of Waterloo, Iowa.



In religion, the two outstanding figures of 1938 were in sharp contrast save for their opposition to Adolf Hitler. One of them, Pope Pius XI, 81, spoke with "bitter sadness" of Italy's anti-Semitic laws, the harrying of Italian Catholic Action groups, the reception Mussolini gave Hitler last May, declared sadly: "We have offered our now old life for the peace and prosperity of peoples. We offer it anew." By spending most of the year in a concentration camp, Protestant Pastor Martin Niemöller gave courageous witness to his faith.



It was noteworthy that few of these other men of the year would have been free to achieve their accomplishments in Nazi Germany. The genius of free wills has been so stifled by the oppression of dictatorship that Germany's output of poetry, prose, music, philosophy,art has been meagre indeed.



The man most responsible for this world tragedy is a moody, brooding, unprepossessing, 49-year-old Austrian-born ascetic with a Charlie Chaplin mustache. The son of an Austrian petty customs official, Adolf Hitler was raised as a spoiled child by a doting mother. Consistently failing to pass even the most elementary studies, he grew up a half-educated young man, untrained for any trade or profession, seemingly doomed to failure. Brilliant, charming, cosmopolitan Vienna he learned to loathe for what he called its Semitism; more to his liking was homogeneous Munich, his real home after 1912. To this man of no trade and few interests the Great War was a welcome event which gave him some purpose in life. Hitler took part in 48 engagements, won the German Iron Cross (first class), was wounded once and gassed once, was in a hospital when the Armistice of November 11, 1918 was declared.



His political career began in 1919 when he became Member No. 7 of the midget German Labor Party. Discovering his powers of oratory, Hitler soon became the party's leader, changed its name to the National Socialist German Labor Party, wrote its anti- Semitic, anti-democratic, authoritarian program. The party's first mass meeting took place in Munich in February 1920. The leader intended to participate in a monarchist attempt to seize power a month later; but for this abortive Putsch Führer Hitler arrived too late. An even less successful National Socialist attempt--the famed Munich Beer Hall Putsch of 1923--provided the party with dead martyrs, landed Herr Hitler in jail. His incarceration at Landsberg Fortress gave him time to write the first volume of Mein Kampf, now a "must" on every German bookshelf. (Deputy Führer Rudolf Hess helped write it. Imprisonment also gave Hitler time to perfect his tactics. Even before that time he got from his Communist opponents the idea of gangster-like party storm troopers; after this the principle of the small cell groups of devoted party workers.)



Outlawed in many German districts, the National Socialist Party nevertheless climbed steadily in membership. Time-honored Tammany Hall methods of handing out many small favors were combined with rowdy terrorism and lurid, patriotic propaganda. The picture of a mystic, abstemious, charismatic Führer was assiduously cultivated.



Not until 1929 did National Socialism win its first absolute majority in a city election (at Coburg) and make its first significant showing in a provincial election (in Thuringia). But from 1928 on, the party almost continually gained in electoral strength. In the Reichstag elections of 1928 it polled 809,000 votes. Two years later 6,401,016 Germans voted for National Socialist deputies while in 1932 the vote was 13,732,779. While still short of a majority, the vote was nevertheless impressive proof of the power of the man and his movement.



The situation which gave rise to this demagogic, ignorant, desperate movement was inherent in the German Republic's birth and in the craving of large sections of the politically immature German people for strong, masterful leadership. Democracy in Germany was conceived in the womb of military defeat. It was the Republic which put its signature (unwillingly) to the humiliating Versailles Treaty, a brand of shame which it never lived down in German minds.

That the German people love uniforms, parades, military formations, and submit easily to authority is no secret. Führer Hitler's own hero is Frederick the Great. That admiration stems undoubtedly from Frederick's military prowess and autocratic rule rather than from Frederick's love of French culture and his hatred of Prussian boorishness. But unlike the polished Frederick, Führer Hitler, whose reading has always been very limited, invites few great minds to visit him, nor would Führer Hitler agree with Frederick's contention that he was "tired of ruling over slaves." (Bismarck, the Iron Chancellor, also complained of the submissiveness of German character.)



In bad straits even in fair weather, the German Republic collapsed under the weight of the 1929-34 depression in which German unemployment soared to 7,000,000 above a nationwide wind drift of bankruptcies and failures. Called to power as Chancellor of the Third Reich on January 30, 1933 by aged, senile President Paul von Hindenburg, Chancellor Hitler began to turn the Reich inside out. Unemployment was solved by: 1) a far-reaching program of public works; 2) an intense re-armament program, including a huge standing army; 3) enforced labor in the service of the State (the German Labor Corps); 4) putting political enemies and Jewish, Communist and Socialist jobholders in concentration camps.



What Adolf Hitler & Co. did to Germany in less than six years was applauded wildly and ecstatically by most Germans. He lifted the nation from post-War defeatism. Under the swastika Germany was unified. His was no ordinary dictatorship, but rather one of great energy and magnificent planning. The "socialist" part of National Socialism might be scoffed at by hard-&-fast Marxists, but the Nazi movement nevertheless had a mass basis. The 1,500 miles of magnificent highways built, schemes for cheap cars and simple workers' benefits, grandiose plans for rebuilding German cities made Germans burst with pride. Germans might eat many substitute foods or wear ersatz clothes but they did eat.



What Adolf Hitler & Co. did to the German people in that time left civilized men and women aghast. Civil rights and liberties have disappeared. Opposition to the Nazi regime has become tantamount to suicide or worse. Free speech and free assembly are anachronisms. The reputations of the once-vaunted German centres of learning have vanished. Education has been reduced to a National Socialist catechism.



Pace Quickened. Germany's 700,000 Jews have been tortured physically, robbed of homes and properties, denied a chance to earn a living, chased off the streets. Now they are being held for "ransom," a gangster trick through the ages. But not only Jews have suffered. Out of Germany has come a steady, ever- swelling stream of refugees, Jews and Gentiles, liberals and conservatives, Catholics as well as Protestants, who could stand Naziism no longer. TIME's cover, showing Organist Adolf Hitler playing his hymn of hate in a desecrated cathedral while victims dangle on a St. Catherine's wheel and the Nazi hierarchy looks on, was drawn by Baron Rudolph Charles von Ripper, a Catholic who found Germany intolerable.



Meanwhile, Germany has become a nation of uniforms, goose- stepping to Hitler's tune, where boys of ten are taught to throw hand grenades, where women are regarded as breeding machines. Most cruel joke of all, however, has been played by Hitler & Co. on those German capitalists and small businessmen who once backed National Socialism as a means of saving Germany's bourgeois economic structure from radicalism. The Nazi credo that the individual belongs to the state also applies to business. Some businesses have been confiscated outright, on other what amounts to a capital tax has been levied. Profits have been strictly controlled. Some idea of the increasing Governmental control and interference in business could be deduced from the fact that 80% of all building and 50% of all industrial orders in Germany originated last year with the Government. Hard-pressed for food- stuffs as well as funds, the Nazi regime has taken over large estates and in many instances collectivized agriculture, a procedure fundamentally similar to Russian Communism.



When Germany took over Austria she took upon herself the care and feeding of 7,000,000 poor relations. When 3,500,000 Sudetens were absorbed, there were that many more mouths to feed. As 1938 drew to a close many were the signs that the Nazi economy of exchange control, barter trade, lowered standard of living, "self-sufficiency," was cracking. Nor were signs lacking that many Germans disliked the cruelties of their Government, but were afraid to protest them. Having a hard time to provide enough bread to go round, Führer Hitler was being driven to give the German people another diverting circus. The Nazi controlled press, jumping the rope at the count of Propaganda Minister Paul Joseph Goebbels, shrieked insults at real and imagined enemies. And the pace of the German dictatorship quickened as more & more guns rolled from factories and little more butter was produced.



In five years under the Man of 1938, regimented Germany had made itself one of the great military powers of the world today. The British Navy remains supreme on the seas. Most military men regard the French Army as incomparable. Biggest question mark is air strength, which changes from day to day, but most observers believe Germany superior in warplanes. Despite a shortage of trained officers and a lack of materials, the German Army has become a formidable machine which could probably be beaten only by a combination of opposing armies. As testimony to his nation's puissance, Führer Hitler could look back over the year and remember that besides receiving countless large-bore statesmen (Mr. Chamberlain three times, for instance), he paid his personal respects to three kings (Sweden's Gustaf, Denmark's Christian, Italy's Vittorio Emanuele) and was visited by two (Bulgaria's Boris, Rumania's Carol--not counting Hungary's Regent, Horthy).



Meanwhile an estimated 1,133 streets and squares, notably Rathaus Platz in Vienna, acquired the name of Adolf Hitler. He delivered 96 public speeches, attended eleven opera performances (way below par), vanquished two rivals (Benes and Kurt von Schuschnigg, Austria's last Chancellor), sold 900,000 new copies of Mein Kampf in Germany besides selling it widely in Italy and Insurgent Spain. His only loss was in eyesight: he had to begin wearing spectacles for work. Last week Herr Hitler entertained at a Christmas party 7,000 workmen now building Berlin's new mammoth Chancellery, told them: "The next decade will show those countries with their patent democracy where true culture is to be found."



But other nations have emphatically joined the armaments race and among military men the poser is: "Will Hitler fight when it becomes definitely certain that he is losing that race?" The dynamics of dictatorship are such that few who have studied Fascism and its leaders can envision sexless, restless, instinctive Adolf Hitler rounding out a mellow middle age in his mountain chalet at Berchtesgaden while a satisfied German people drink beer and sing folk songs. There is no guarantee that the have-not nations will go to sleep when they have taken what they now want from the haves. To those who watched the closing events of the year it seemed more than probable that the Man of 1938 may make 1939 a year to be remembered.

End of Article



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In a book of photos entitled "Hitler," edited by Herbert Walther and published in 1978 by Brompton Book Corporation, the photograph below appears with the caption "Hitler: Man of the Century." Walther wrote that "Hitler could still be regarded as the Man of the Century." However, Time chose Albert Einstein, a Jewish scientist who escaped from Nazi Germany in 1933, as its Man of the Century. The photograph here is from the book entitled "Hitler."

Any comments?